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Four circles c_1, c_2, c_3, and c_4 are tangent to a fifth circle or a straight line iff T_(12)T_(34)+/-T_(13)T_(42)+/-T_(14)T_(23)=0. (1) where T_(ij) is the length of a ...

A 4-state two-dimensional Turing machine invented in the 1980s. The ant starts out on a grid containing black and white cells, and then follows the following set of rules. 1. ...

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with opposite sides parallel (and therefore opposite angles equal). A quadrilateral with equal sides is called a rhombus, and a ...

A pyramid is a polyhedron with one face (known as the "base") a polygon and all the other faces triangles meeting at a common polygon vertex (known as the "apex"). A right ...

The set A^2 of all ordered pairs of complex numbers.

The order ideal in Lambda, the ring of integral laurent polynomials, associated with an Alexander matrix for a knot K. Any generator of a principal Alexander ideal is called ...

An algebraic identity is a mathematical identity involving algebraic functions. Examples include the Euler four-square identity, Fibonacci identity, Lebesgue identity, and ...

An angle bracket is the combination of a bra and ket (bra+ket = bracket) which represents the inner product of two functions or vectors (or 1-forms), <f|g>=intf(x)g^|(x)dx in ...

An antimagic graph is a graph with e graph edges labeled with distinct elements {1,2,...,e} so that the sum of the graph edge labels at each graph vertex differ.

An asymmetric matrix is a square matrix that is not symmetric, i.e., a matrix A such that A^(T)!=A, where A^(T) denotes the transpose. An asymmetric matrix therefore ...