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Let f be a fractional coloring of a graph G. Then the sum of values of f is called its weight, and the minimum possible weight of a fractional coloring is called the ...

The (upper) vertex independence number of a graph, often called simply "the" independence number, is the cardinality of the largest independent vertex set, i.e., the size of ...

An Abelian variety is an algebraic group which is a complete algebraic variety. An Abelian variety of dimension 1 is an elliptic curve.

Suppose that X is a vector space over the field of complex or real numbers. Then the set of all linear functionals on X forms a vector space called the algebraic conjugate ...

Consider the circle map. If K is nonzero, then the motion is periodic in some finite region surrounding each rational Omega. This execution of periodic motion in response to ...

An axiom is a proposition regarded as self-evidently true without proof. The word "axiom" is a slightly archaic synonym for postulate. Compare conjecture or hypothesis, both ...

A box integral for dimension n with parameters q and s is defined as the expectation of distance from a fixed point q of a point r chosen at random over the unit n-cube, ...

Let g be a finite-dimensional Lie algebra over some field k. A subalgebra h of g is called a Cartan subalgebra if it is nilpotent and equal to its normalizer, which is the ...

This theorem states that, for a partial differential equation involving a time derivative of order n, the solution is uniquely determined if time derivatives up to order n-1 ...

Determining the length of a country's coastline is not as simple as it first appears, as first considered by L. F. Richardson (1881-1953) and sometimes known as the ...