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Any square matrix T has a canonical form without any need to extend the field of its coefficients. For instance, if the entries of T are rational numbers, then so are the ...

A (-1,1)-matrix is a matrix whose elements consist only of the numbers -1 or 1. For an n×n (-1,1)-matrix, the largest possible determinants (Hadamard's maximum determinant ...

An abstract group is a group characterized only by its abstract properties and not by the particular representations chosen for elements. For example, there are two distinct ...

Given a field F and an extension field K superset= F, an element alpha in K is called algebraic over F if it is a root of some nonzero polynomial with coefficients in F. ...

An algebraic group is a variety (or scheme) endowed with a group structure such that the group operations are morphisms of varieties (or schemes). The concept is similar to ...

Let M^n be a compact n-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold without boundary, let O be a group representation of pi_1(M) by orthogonal matrices, and let E(O) be the ...

Any square matrix A can be written as a sum A=A_S+A_A, (1) where A_S=1/2(A+A^(T)) (2) is a symmetric matrix known as the symmetric part of A and A_A=1/2(A-A^(T)) (3) is an ...

Given a module M over a commutative unit ring R and a filtration F:... subset= I_2 subset= I_1 subset= I_0=R (1) of ideals of R, the associated graded module of M with ...

Given a commutative unit ring R and a filtration F:... subset= I_2 subset= I_1 subset= I_0=R (1) of ideals of R, the associated graded ring of R with respect to F is the ...

An augmented matrix is a matrix obtained by adjoining a row or column vector, or sometimes another matrix with the same vertical dimension. The most common use of an ...