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Logic is the formal mathematical study of the methods, structure, and validity of mathematical deduction and proof. According to Wolfram (2002, p. 860), logic is the most ...

∡A_2MA_3=∡A_2A_1A_3+∡P_2P_1P_3, where ∡ is a directed angle.

Monster-barring is a term coined by Lakatos (1976) to refer to the refining of a hypothesis to rule out nasty counterexamples (Bailey et al. 2007, p. 11).

A condition which must hold for a result to be true, but which does not guarantee it to be true. If a condition is both necessary and sufficient, then the result is said to ...

The branch of formal logic, also called functional calculus, that deals with representing the logical connections between statements as well as the statements themselves.

A primality test is a test to determine whether or not a given number is prime, as opposed to actually decomposing the number into its constituent prime factors (which is ...

Let D be a subset of the nonnegative integers Z^* with the properties that (1) the integer 0 is in D and (2) any time that the interval [0,n] is contained in D, one can show ...

Let D be a subset of the nonnegative integers Z^* with the properties that (1) the integer 0 is in D and (2) any time that n is in D, one can show that n+1 is also in D. ...

A Euclidean-like space having line element ds^2=(dz^1)^2+...+(dz^p)^2-(dz^(p+1))^2-...-(dz^(p+q))^2, having dimension m=p+q (Rosen 1965). In contrast, the signs would be all ...

A retraction is a continuous map of a space onto a subspace leaving each point of the subspace fixed. Alternatively, retraction can refer to withdrawal of a paper containing ...