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A Goldbach number is a positive integer that is the sum of two odd primes (Li 1999). Let E(x) (the "exceptional set of Goldbach numbers") denote the number of even numbers ...

A two-coloring of a complete graph K_n of n nodes which contains exactly the number of monochromatic forced triangles and no more (i.e., a minimum of R+B where R and B are ...

An orientation of an undirected graph G is an assignment of exactly one direction to each of the edges of G. Only connected, bridgeless graphs can have a strong orientation ...

The skewness of a graph G is the minimum number of edges whose removal results in a planar graph (Harary 1994, p. 124). The skewness is sometimes denoted mu(G) (Cimikowski ...

The Griewank function is a function widely used to test the convergence of optimization functions. The Griewank function of order n is defined by ...

The Hadwiger conjecture is a generalization of the four-color theorem which states that for any loopless graph G with h(G) the Hadwiger number and chi(G) the chromatic ...

The hat polykite is an aperiodic monotile discovered by Smith et al. (2023). It is illustrated above in an aperiodic tiling (Smith et al. 2023).

A fair coin is tossed an even 2n number of times. Let D=|H-T| be the absolute difference in the number of heads and tails obtained. Then the probability distribution is given ...

Let alpha_i and A_i be algebraic numbers such that the A_is differ from zero and the alpha_is differ from each other. Then the expression ...

A heterosquare is an n×n array of the integers from 1 to n^2 such that the rows, columns, and diagonals have different sums. (By contrast, in a magic square, they have the ...