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An arithmetic series is the sum of a sequence {a_k}, k=1, 2, ..., in which each term is computed from the previous one by adding (or subtracting) a constant d. Therefore, for ...

The BBP (named after Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe) is a formula for calculating pi discovered by Simon Plouffe in 1995, ...

The Cantor diagonal method, also called the Cantor diagonal argument or Cantor's diagonal slash, is a clever technique used by Georg Cantor to show that the integers and ...

Diophantus's riddle is a poem that encodes a mathematical problem. In verse, it read as follows: 'Here lies Diophantus,' the wonder behold. Through art algebraic, the stone ...

A series which is not convergent. Series may diverge by marching off to infinity or by oscillating. Divergent series have some curious properties. For example, rearranging ...

Euler (1772ab) conjectured that there are no positive integer solutions to the quartic Diophantine equation A^4=B^4+C^4+D^4. This conjecture was disproved by Elkies (1988), ...

Given a number n, Fermat's factorization methods look for integers x and y such that n=x^2-y^2. Then n=(x-y)(x+y) (1) and n is factored. A modified form of this observation ...

A googol is a large number equal to 10^(10^2)=10^(100) (i.e., a 1 with 100 zeros following it). Written out explicitly, ...

A short theorem used in proving a larger theorem. Related concepts are the axiom, porism, postulate, principle, and theorem. The late mathematician P. Erdős has often been ...

A maximal clique is a clique that cannot be extended by including one more adjacent vertex, meaning it is not a subset of a larger clique. A maximum clique (i.e., clique of ...