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Any nonzero rational number x can be represented by x=(p^ar)/s, (1) where p is a prime number, r and s are integers not divisible by p, and a is a unique integer. The p-adic ...

The sequence a(n) given by the exponents of the highest power of 2 dividing n, i.e., the number of trailing 0s in the binary representation of n. For n=1, 2, ..., the first ...

If a is an arbitrary integer relatively prime to n and g is a primitive root of n, then there exists among the numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., phi(n)-1, where phi(n) is the totient ...

The Chebotarev density theorem is a complicated theorem in algebraic number theory which yields an asymptotic formula for the density of prime ideals of a number field K that ...

The decimal expansion of a number is its representation in base-10 (i.e., in the decimal system). In this system, each "decimal place" consists of a digit 0-9 arranged such ...

The Gram series is an approximation to the prime counting function given by G(x)=1+sum_(k=1)^infty((lnx)^k)/(kk!zeta(k+1)), (1) where zeta(z) is the Riemann zeta function ...

The Lemke graph is the 8-node graph with 13 edges illustrated above (Lemke and Kleitman 1989, Hurlbert 2011, Hurlbert 2013). The Lemke graph is the smallest graph that does ...

The degree to which a given quantity is correct and free from error. For example, a quantity specified as 100+/-1 has an (absolute) accuracy of +/-1 (meaning its true value ...

A gambling game played at carnivals in which a player may bet on any one of the numbers 1 through 6. Three dice are then rolled and, if his number appears, he receives back a ...

Let A and B be two classes of positive integers. Let A(n) be the number of integers in A which are less than or equal to n, and let B(n) be the number of integers in B which ...