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A prize of 100000 German marks offered for the first valid proof of Fermat's last theorem (Ball and Coxeter 1987, p. 72; Barner 1997; Hoffman 1998, pp. 193-194 and 199). The ...

The Zipf distribution, sometimes referred to as the zeta distribution, is a discrete distribution commonly used in linguistics, insurance, and the modelling of rare events. ...

The symbol ker has at least two different meanings in mathematics. It can refer to a special function related to Bessel functions, or (written either with a capital or ...

Any nonzero rational number x can be represented by x=(p^ar)/s, (1) where p is a prime number, r and s are integers not divisible by p, and a is a unique integer. The p-adic ...

An array is a "list of lists" with the length of each level of list the same. The size (sometimes called the "shape") of a d-dimensional array is then indicated as ...

An equation is said to be a closed-form solution if it solves a given problem in terms of functions and mathematical operations from a given generally-accepted set. For ...

In general, the word "complement" refers to that subset F^' of some set S which excludes a given subset F. Taking F and its complement F^' together then gives the whole of ...

Homology is a concept that is used in many branches of algebra and topology. Historically, the term "homology" was first used in a topological sense by Poincaré. To him, it ...

The word quadrature has (at least) three incompatible meanings. Integration by quadrature either means solving an integral analytically (i.e., symbolically in terms of known ...

For a single variate X having a distribution P(x) with known population mean mu, the population variance var(X), commonly also written sigma^2, is defined as ...