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An exchange of two elements of an ordered list with all others staying the same. A transposition is therefore a permutation of two elements. For example, the swapping of 2 ...

The set of all centroid points in a weighted tree (Harary 1994, p. 36).

Two quantities a and b which are not equal are said to be unequal, and this relationship can be denoted a!=b.

A sphere of radius 1.

The operator e^(nut^2/2) which satisfies e^(nut^2/2)p(x)=1/(sqrt(2pinu))int_(-infty)^inftye^(-u^2/(2nu))p(x+u)du for nu>0.

A weighted graph is a graph in which each branch is given a numerical weight. A weighted graph is therefore a special type of labeled graph in which the labels are numbers ...

The path of an object through phase space.

The nonnegative integers 0, 1, 2, ....

A two-dimensional binary (k=2) totalistic cellular automaton with a von Neumann neighborhood of range r=1. It has a birth rule that at least 2 of its 4 neighbors are alive, ...

An n×n matrix whose rows are composed of cyclically shifted versions of a length-n list l. For example, the 4×4 circulant matrix on the list l={1,2,3,4} is given by C=[4 1 2 ...