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A sum of the digits in a given transmission modulo some number. The simplest form of checksum is a parity bit appended on to 7-bit numbers (e.g., ASCII characters) such that ...

The encrypted form of a plaintext.

A class number formula is a finite series giving exactly the class number of a ring. For a ring of quadratic integers, the class number is denoted h(d), where d is the ...

Given a point lattice, a cluster is a group of filled cells which are all connected to their neighbors vertically or horizontally.

If S is an infinite set, then the collection F_S={A subset= S:S-A is finite} is a filter called the cofinite (or Fréchet) filter on S.

Two lines or plane congruent geometric figures which lie on top of each other are said to be coincident.

A space of functions comprising a complete biorthogonal system.

A subset tau in S_n of a permutation {1,...,n} is said to contain alpha in S_k if there exist 1<=i_1<...<i_k<=n such that tau=(tau_i,...,tau_k) is order isomorphic to ...

A sentence is called a contingency if its truth table contains at least one 'T' and at least one 'F.'

The problem of maximizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron, also known as operations research or optimization theory. The general problem of convex optimization is ...