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Let P be a finite partially ordered set. A chain in P is a set of pairwise comparable elements (i.e., a totally ordered subset). The partial order length of P is the maximum ...

Church proved several important theorems that now go by the name Church's theorem. One of Church's theorems states that there is no consistent decidable extension of Peano ...

Given a factor a of a number n=ab, the cofactor of a is b=n/a. A different type of cofactor, sometimes called a cofactor matrix, is a signed version of a minor M_(ij) defined ...

The number of ways of picking k unordered outcomes from n possibilities. Also known as the binomial coefficient or choice number and read "n choose k," _nC_k=(n; ...

Given a complex Hilbert space H with associated space L(H) of continuous linear operators from H to itself, the commutant M^' of an arbitrary subset M subset= L(H) is the ...

A topological space X such that for every closed subset C of X and every point x in X\C, there is a continuous function f:X->[0,1] such that f(x)=0 and f(C)={1}. This is the ...

A conjugate matrix is a matrix A^_ obtained from a given matrix A by taking the complex conjugate of each element of A (Courant and Hilbert 1989, p. 9), i.e., ...

Pairs of partitions for a single number whose Ferrers diagrams transform into each other when reflected about the line y=-x, with the coordinates of the upper left dot taken ...

The contrapedal curve, also called a normal pedal curve, is defined analogously to a usual pedal curve with "tangent" replaced by "normal." In particular, the contrapedal ...

Let x->y and u->v be two rules of a term rewriting system, and suppose these rules have no variables in common. If they do, rename the variables. If x_1 is a subterm of x (or ...