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A sum of the digits in a given transmission modulo some number. The simplest form of checksum is a parity bit appended on to 7-bit numbers (e.g., ASCII characters) such that ...

The encrypted form of a plaintext.

A class number formula is a finite series giving exactly the class number of a ring. For a ring of quadratic integers, the class number is denoted h(d), where d is the ...

Given a point lattice, a cluster is a group of filled cells which are all connected to their neighbors vertically or horizontally.

Two lines or plane congruent geometric figures which lie on top of each other are said to be coincident.

A subset tau in S_n of a permutation {1,...,n} is said to contain alpha in S_k if there exist 1<=i_1<...<i_k<=n such that tau=(tau_i,...,tau_k) is order isomorphic to ...

The problem of maximizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron, also known as operations research or optimization theory. The general problem of convex optimization is ...

A set function mu is said to possess countable subadditivity if, given any countable disjoint collection of sets {E_k}_(k=1)^n on which mu is defined, mu( union ...

If P=p:q:r and U=u:v:w are distinct trilinear points, neither lying on a sideline of the reference triangle DeltaABC, then the crosssum of P and U is the point ...

The science of breaking codes, which is one part of cryptology.