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A type of cryptography in which the encoding key is revealed without compromising the encoded message. The two best-known methods are the knapsack problem and RSA encryption.

A random permutation is a permutation containing a fixed number n of a random selection from a given set of elements. There are two main algorithms for constructing random ...

A root-finding algorithm which assumes a function to be approximately linear in the region of interest. Each improvement is taken as the point where the approximating line ...

A square matrix U is a special unitary matrix if UU^*=I, (1) where I is the identity matrix and U^* is the conjugate transpose matrix, and the determinant is detU=1. (2) The ...

That part of a positive integer left after all square factors are divided out. For example, the squarefree part of 24=2^3·3 is 6, since 6·2^2=24. For n=1, 2, ..., the first ...

The multiplicative suborder of a number a (mod n) is the least exponent e>0 such that a^e=+/-1 (mod n), or zero if no such e exists. An e always exists if GCD(a,n)=1 and n>1. ...

The set of elements belonging to one but not both of two given sets. It is therefore the union of the complement of A with respect to B and B with respect to A, and ...

Abstractly, the tensor direct product is the same as the vector space tensor product. However, it reflects an approach toward calculation using coordinates, and indices in ...

Any nonzero rational number x can be represented by x=(p^ar)/s, (1) where p is a prime number, r and s are integers not divisible by p, and a is a unique integer. The p-adic ...

A public-key cryptography algorithm which uses prime factorization as the trapdoor one-way function. Define n=pq (1) for p and q primes. Also define a private key d and a ...