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A lower triangular matrix having 0s along the diagonal as well as the upper portion, i.e., a matrix A=[a_(ij)] such that a_(ij)=0 for i<=j. Written explicitly, L=[0 0 ... 0; ...

A strictly upper triangular matrix is an upper triangular matrix having 0s along the diagonal as well as the lower portion, i.e., a matrix A=[a_(ij)] such that a_(ij)=0 for ...

Let A_r=a_(ij) be a sequence of N symmetric matrices of increasing order with i,j=1, 2, ..., r and r=1, 2, ..., N. Let lambda_k(A_r) be the kth eigenvalue of A_r for k=1, 2, ...

The superdiagonal of a square matrix is the set of elements directly above the elements comprising the diagonal. For example, in the following matrix, the diagonal elements ...

Sylvester's criterion states that a matrix M is positive definite iff the determinants associated with all upper-left submatrices of M are positive.

Given a matrix A, let |A| denote its determinant. Then |A||A_(rs,pq)|=|A_(r,p)||A_(s,q)|-|A_(r,q)||A_(s,p)|, (1) where A_(u,w) is the submatrix of A formed by the ...

For every module M over a unit ring R, the tensor product functor - tensor _RM is a covariant functor from the category of R-modules to itself. It maps every R-module N to N ...

Let (K,|·|) be a valuated field. The valuation group G is defined to be the set G={|x|:x in K,x!=0}, with the group operation being multiplication. It is a subgroup of the ...

Let (K,|·|) be a non-Archimedean field. Its valuation ring R is defined to be R={x in K:|x|<=1}. The valuation ring has maximal ideal M={x in K:|x|<1}, and the field R/M is ...

A vector sum is the result of adding two or more vectors together via vector addition. It is denoted using the normal plus sign, i.e., the vector sum of vectors A, B, and C ...