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The biharmonic operator, also known as the bilaplacian, is the differential operator defined by del ^4=(del ^2)^2, where del ^2 is the Laplacian. In n-dimensional space, del ...

An m×1 matrix [a_(11); a_(21); |; a_(m1)].

A vector whose elements are complex numbers.

An orthogonal projection of a cross onto a three-dimensional subspace. It is said to be normalized if the cross vectors are all of unit length.

A flow line for a map on a vector field F is a path sigma(t) such that sigma^'(t)=F(sigma(t)).

The vectors +/-a_1, ..., +/-a_n in a three-space form a normalized eutactic star iff Tx=x for all x in the three-space.

A vector field v for which the curl vanishes, del xv=0.

The jerk j is defined as the time derivative of the vector acceleration a, j=(da)/(dt).

Unit vectors which are orthogonal are said to be orthonormal.

Two vectors u and v are parallel if their cross product is zero, i.e., uxv=0.