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A catastrophe which can occur for four control factors and one behavior axis. The butterfly catastrophe is the universal unfolding of the singularity f(x)=x^6 of codimension ...

There are at least two theorems known as Chebyshev's theorem. The first is Bertrand's postulate, proposed by Bertrand in 1845 and proved by Chebyshev using elementary methods ...

A cipher is an algorithm that converts data (plaintext) to an obfuscated form that is not directly readable. Ciphers are usually used with the intention of hiding the ...

Two complex numbers x=a+ib and y=c+id are multiplied as follows: xy = (a+ib)(c+id) (1) = ac+ibc+iad-bd (2) = (ac-bd)+i(ad+bc). (3) In component form, ...

The conchoid of de Sluze is the cubic curve first constructed by René de Sluze in 1662. It is given by the implicit equation (x-1)(x^2+y^2)=ax^2, (1) or the polar equation ...

Ellipses sharing common foci (left figure). The family of confocal ellipses covers the plane simply, in the sense that there is a unique ellipse passing through each point in ...

Hyperbolas sharing common foci (left figure). The family of confocal hyperbolas covers the plane simply, in the sense that there is a unique hyperbola passing through each ...

A set of quadratic surfaces which share foci. Ellipsoids and one- and two-sheeted hyperboloids can be confocal. These three types of surfaces can be combined to form an ...

Conformal latitude is defined by chi = 2tan^(-1){tan(1/4pi+1/2phi)[(1-esinphi)/(1+esinphi)]^(e/2)}-1/2pi (1) = ...

A conical wedge is an ungula obtained by cutting a solid cone with a plane placed at an angle oblique to its base. For the special conical wedge obtained from a cone of ...