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A function f(t) of one or more parameters containing a noise term epsilon(t) f(t)=L(t)+epsilon(t), where the noise is (without loss of generality) assumed to be additive.

Zeno's paradoxes are a set of four paradoxes dealing with counterintuitive aspects of continuous space and time. 1. Dichotomy paradox: Before an object can travel a given ...

There are at least three definitions of "groupoid" currently in use. The first type of groupoid is an algebraic structure on a set with a binary operator. The only ...

A type of sale in which members of a group of buyers offer ever increasing amounts. The bidder making the last bid (for which no higher bid is subsequently made within a ...

The number of ways in which a group of n with weights sum_(i=1)^(n)w_i=1 can change a losing coalition (one with sumw_i<1/2) to a winning one, or vice versa. It was proposed ...

The problem of maximizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron, also known as operations research or optimization theory. The general problem of convex optimization is ...

A standard form of the linear programming problem of maximizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron is to maximize c·x subject to mx<=b and x>=0, where m is a given ...

Dual pairs of linear programs are in "strong duality" if both are possible. The theorem was first conceived by John von Neumann. The first written proof was an Air Force ...

Ellipsoidal calculus is a method for solving problems in control and estimation theory having unknown but bounded errors in terms of sets of approximating ellipsoidal-value ...

A large number defined as where the circle notation denotes "n in n squares," and triangles and squares are expanded in terms of Steinhaus-Moser notation (Steinhaus 1999, pp. ...