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A particular type of automorphism group which exists only for groups. For a group G, the outer automorphism group is the quotient group Aut(G)/Inn(G), which is the ...

A popular acronym for "principal ideal domain." In engineering circles, the acronym PID refers to the "proportional-integral-derivative method" algorithm for controlling ...

Given an amicable pair (m,n), the quantity sigma(m) = sigma(n) (1) = =s(m)+s(n) (2) = m+n (3) is called the pair sum, where sigma(n) is the divisor function and s(n) is the ...

The paper folding constant is the constant given by P = sum_(k=0)^(infty)1/(2^(2^k))(1-1/(2^(2^(k+2))))^(-1) (1) = sum_(k=0)^(infty)(8^(2^k))/(2^(2^(k+2))-1) (2) = ...

The nth partial denominator in a generalized continued fraction b_0+K_(n=1)^infty(a_n)/(b_n) or simple continued fraction b_0+K_(n=1)^infty1/(b_n) is the expression b_n. For ...

The nth partial numerator in a generalized continued fraction b_0+K_(n=1)^infty(a_n)/(b_n) is the expression a_n. For a simple continued fraction b_0+K_(n=1)^infty1/(b_n), ...

An ideal I of a partial order P is a subset of the elements of P which satisfy the property that if y in I and x<y, then x in I. For k disjoint chains in which the ith chain ...

For a partial order, the size of the longest chain is called the length.

For a partial order, the size of the longest antichain is called the width.

The only linear associative algebra in which the coordinates are real numbers and products vanish only if one factor is zero are the field of real numbers, the field of ...