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A quantity is said to be exact if it has a precise and well-defined value. J. W. Tukey remarked in 1962, "Far better an approximate answer to the right question, which is ...

A system of congruences a_i mod n_i with 1<=i<=k is called a complete residue system (or covering system) if every integer y satisfies y=a_i (mod n) for at least one value of ...

Also known as the difference of squares method. It was first used by Fermat and improved by Gauss. Gauss looked for integers x and y satisfying y^2=x^2-N (mod E) for various ...

If there exists an A, this is written exists A. Similarly, "A does not exist" is written notexists A. exists is one of the two mathematical objects known as quantifiers. The ...

Exponential decay is the decrease in a quantity N according to the law N(t)=N_0e^(-lambdat) (1) for a parameter t and constant lambda (known as the decay constant), where e^x ...

A function whose value decreases more quickly than any polynomial is said to be an exponentially decreasing function. The prototypical example is the function e^(-x), plotted ...

A function whose value increases more quickly than any polynomial is said to be an exponentially increasing function. The prototypical example is the function e^x, plotted ...

A statement which is rigorously not true. Regular two-valued logic allows statements to be only true or false, but fuzzy logic treats "truth" as a continuum which can have a ...

Values one step outside the hinges are called inner fences, and values two steps outside the hinges are called outer fences. Tukey calls values outside the outer fences far ...

A robust nonparametric test which is an alternative to the paired t-test. This test makes the basic assumption that there is information only in the signs of the differences ...