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A function f(x) is said to be periodic (or, when emphasizing the presence of a single period instead of multiple periods, singly periodic) with period p if f(x)=f(x+np) for ...

A piecewise function is a function that is defined on a sequence of intervals. A common example is the absolute value, |x|={-x for x<0; 0 for x=0; x for x>0. (1) Piecewise ...

Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

A polar representation of a complex measure mu is analogous to the polar representation of a complex number as z=re^(itheta), where r=|z|, dmu=e^(itheta)d|mu|. (1) The analog ...

Let f:A->B be a map between sets A and B. Let Y subset= B. Then the preimage of Y under f is denoted by f^(-1)(Y), and is the set of all elements of A that map to elements in ...

In a plane, consider a sum of N two-dimensional vectors with random orientations. Use phasor notation, and let the phase of each vector be random. Assume N unit steps are ...

A reflection relation is a functional equation relating f(-x) to f(x), or more generally, f(a-x) to f(x). Perhaps the best known example of a reflection formula is the gamma ...

Let R be the class of expressions generated by 1. The rational numbers and the two real numbers pi and ln2, 2. The variable x, 3. The operations of addition, multiplication, ...

A function f in C^infty(R^n) is called a Schwartz function if it goes to zero as |x|->infty faster than any inverse power of x, as do all its derivatives. That is, a function ...

Serret's integral is given by int_0^1(ln(x+1))/(x^2+1)dx = 1/8piln2 (1) = 0.272198... (2) (OEIS A102886; Serret 1844; Gradshteyn and Ryzhik 2000, eqn. 4.291.8; Boros and Moll ...