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An n×n square matrix M with M_(ii) = 1 (1) M_(ij) = M_(ji)>1 (2) for all i,j=1, ..., n.

A standard form of the linear programming problem of maximizing a linear function over a convex polyhedron is to maximize c·x subject to mx<=b and x>=0, where m is a given ...

A requirement necessary for a given statement or theorem to hold. Also called a condition.

A function y=f(x) has critical points at all points x_0 where f^'(x_0)=0 or f(x) is not differentiable. A function z=f(x,y) has critical points where the gradient del f=0 or ...

The 6-polyiamond illustrated above.

Let f*g denote the cross-correlation of functions f(t) and g(t). Then f*g = int_(-infty)^inftyf^_(tau)g(t+tau)dtau (1) = ...

A root-finding algorithm used in LU decomposition. It solves the N^2 equations i<j l_(i1)u_(1j)+l_(i2)u_(2j)+...+l_(ii)u_(ij)=a_(ij)i=j ...

The 6-polyiamond illustrated above.

Two bits or half a nibble. Since a crumb encodes values from 0 to 2^2-1=3, it can conveniently be represented using single quaternary digit. However, the term "crumb" is ...

The science of breaking codes, which is one part of cryptology.