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Two subspaces S_1 and S_2 of R^n are said to be orthogonal if the dot product v_1·v_2=0 for all vectors v_1 in S_1 and all v_2 in S_2.

Unit vectors which are orthogonal are said to be orthonormal.

The term "over" is commonly used in mathematical exposition as a synonym for "in the domain of." So, for example, "Let f be a function over the reals" means "Let f be a ...

A signal sampled at a frequency higher than the Nyquist frequency is said to be oversampled beta times, where the oversampling ratio is defined as ...

The Owen T-function is defined as T(x,a)=1/(2pi)int_0^a(e^(-x^2(1+t^2)/2))/(1+t^2)dt. It is implemented in the Wolfram Language as OwenT[x, a]. A special value is given by ...

The probability that a variate would assume a value greater than or equal to the observed value strictly by chance: P(z>=z_(observed)).

Two vectors u and v are parallel if their cross product is zero, i.e., uxv=0.

A statistical test in which assumptions are made about the underlying distribution of observed data.

A partial function is a function that is not total.

A game for which each player has a different set of moves in any position. Every position in an impartial game has a nim-value.