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The envelope of refracted rays for a given curve.

The motivating force of topology, consisting of the study of smooth (differentiable) manifolds. Differential topology deals with nonmetrical notions of manifolds, while ...

The metric g defined on a nonempty set X by g(x,x) = 0 (1) g(x,y) = 1 (2) if x!=y for all x,y in X. It follows that the open ball of radius r>0 and center at x_0 B(x_0,r)={x ...

An object that is not superimposable on its mirror image is said to be dissymmetric. All asymmetric objects are dissymmetric, and an object with no improper rotation ...

An algebraic surface of degree 12. Examples of dodecic surfaces include the figure-eight parametrization of the Klein bottle and Sarti dodecic.

Formulas expressing trigonometric functions of an angle 2x in terms of functions of an angle x, sin(2x) = 2sinxcosx (1) cos(2x) = cos^2x-sin^2x (2) = 2cos^2x-1 (3) = ...

A tensor t is said to satisfy the double contraction relation when t_(ij)^m^_t_(ij)^n=delta_(mn). (1) This equation is satisfied by t^^^0 = (2z^^z^^-x^^x^^-y^^y^^)/(sqrt(6)) ...

A surface that contains two families of rulings. The only three doubly ruled surfaces are the plane, hyperbolic paraboloid, and single-sheeted hyperboloid.

Let A, B, and C be three polar vectors, and define V_(ijk) = |A_i B_i C_i; A_j B_j C_j; A_k B_k C_k| (1) = det[A B C], (2) where det is the determinant. The V_(ijk) is a ...

Given an antisymmetric second tensor rank tensor C_(ij), a dual pseudotensor C_i is defined by C_i=1/2epsilon_(ijk)C_(jk), (1) where C_i = [C_(23); C_(31); C_(12)] (2) C_(jk) ...