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Given a Schwarz triangle (p q r), replacing each polygon vertex with its antipodes gives the three colunar spherical triangles (p q^' r^'),(p^' q r^'),(p^' q^' r), (1) where ...

Two elements x and y of a set S are said to be commutative under a binary operation * if they satisfy x*y=y*x. (1) Real numbers are commutative under addition x+y=y+x (2) and ...

Given a group with elements A and X, there must be an element B which is a similarity transformation of A,B=X^(-1)AX so A and B are conjugate with respect to X. Conjugate ...

Two bits or half a nibble. Since a crumb encodes values from 0 to 2^2-1=3, it can conveniently be represented using single quaternary digit. However, the term "crumb" is ...

A reciprocity theorem for the case n=3 solved by Gauss using "integers" of the form a+brho, when rho is a root of x^2+x+1=0 (i.e., rho equals -(-1)^(1/3) or (-1)^(2/3)) and ...

The evolute of the cycloid x(t) = a(t-sint) (1) y(t) = a(1-cost) (2) is given by x(t) = a(t+sint) (3) y(t) = a(cost-1). (4) As can be seen in the above figure, the evolute is ...

A natural number n>3 such that n|(a^(n-2)-a) whenever (a,n)=1 (a and n are relatively prime) and a<=n. (Here, n|m means that n divides m.) There are an infinite number of ...

A database can be roughly defined as a structure consisting of 1. A collection of information (the data), 2. A collection of queries that can be submitted, and 3. A ...

The radial curve of the deltoid x = 1/3a[2cost+cos(2t)] (1) y = 1/3a[2sint-sin(2t)] (2) with radiant point (x_0,y_0) is the trifolium x_r = x_0+4/3a[cost-cos(2t)] (3) y_r = ...

Given a square matrix M, the following are equivalent: 1. |M|!=0. 2. The columns of M are linearly independent. 3. The rows of M are linearly independent. 4. Range(M) = R^n. ...