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A submodule that is not the entire module.

A proper subset S^' of a set S, denoted S^' subset S, is a subset that is strictly contained in S and so necessarily excludes at least one member of S. The empty set is ...

For N=k·2^n+1 with k odd and 2^n>k, if there exists an integer a such that a^((N-1)/2)=-1 (mod N), then N is prime. A prime of this form is known as a Proth prime.

The pseudo-tangent cone P_S(x) of a subset S subset R^n at a point x in S is the set P_S(x)=convK_S^_, where K_S is the contingent cone of S and where conv(A) is the smallest ...

A pseudoanalytic function is a function defined using generalized Cauchy-Riemann equations. Pseudoanalytic functions come as close as possible to having complex derivatives ...

A slightly archaic term for a computer-generated random number. The prefix pseudo- is used to distinguish this type of number from a "truly" random number generated by a ...

The whole neighborhood of any point y_i of an algebraic curve may be uniformly represented by a certain finite number of convergent developments in power series, ...

A pullback is a general categorical operation appearing in a number of mathematical contexts, sometimes going under a different name. If T:V->W is a linear transformation ...

An action which adds a single element to the top of a stack, turning the stack (a_1, a_2, ..., a_n) into (a_0, a_1, a_2, ..., a_n).

A plane figure consisting of four points, each of which is joined to two other points by a line segment (where the line segments may intersect). A quadrangle may therefore be ...