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A Calkin-Wilf tree is a special type of binary tree obtained by starting with the fraction 1/1 and iteratively adding a/(a+b) and (a+b)/b below each fraction a/b. The ...

A grammar defining formal language L is a quadruple (N,T,R,S), where N is a finite set of nonterminals, T is a finite set of terminal symbols, R is a finite set of ...

An automorphism of a graph is a graph isomorphism with itself, i.e., a mapping from the vertices of the given graph G back to vertices of G such that the resulting graph is ...

The number of ways of folding a strip of stamps has several possible variants. Considering only positions of the hinges for unlabeled stamps without regard to orientation of ...

The first strong law of small numbers (Gardner 1980, Guy 1988, 1990) states "There aren't enough small numbers to meet the many demands made of them." The second strong law ...

In mathematics, a knot is defined as a closed, non-self-intersecting curve that is embedded in three dimensions and cannot be untangled to produce a simple loop (i.e., the ...

A bipartite graph, also called a bigraph, is a set of graph vertices decomposed into two disjoint sets such that no two graph vertices within the same set are adjacent. A ...

A binary tree is a tree-like structure that is rooted and in which each vertex has at most two children and each child of a vertex is designated as its left or right child ...

A caterpillar graph, caterpillar tree, or simply "caterpillar," is a tree in which every graph vertex is on a central stalk or only one graph edge away from the stalk (in ...

A labeled graph G=(V,E) is a finite series of graph vertices V with a set of graph edges E of 2-subsets of V. Given a graph vertex set V_n={1,2,...,n}, the number of ...