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Levenberg-Marquardt is a popular alternative to the Gauss-Newton method of finding the minimum of a function F(x) that is a sum of squares of nonlinear functions, ...

F_k[P_N(k)](x)=F_k[exp(-N|k|^beta)](x), where F is the Fourier transform of the probability P_N(k) for N-step addition of random variables. Lévy showed that beta in (0,2) for ...

Also known as the first fundamental form, ds^2=g_(ab)dx^adx^b. In the principal axis frame for three dimensions, ds^2=g_(11)(dx^1)^2+g_(22)(dx^2)^2+g_(33)(dx^3)^2. At ...

For any algebraic number x of degree n>2, a rational approximation p/q to x must satisfy |x-p/q|>1/(q^n) for sufficiently large q. Writing r=n leads to the definition of the ...

A roll of 4 on a pair of six-sided dice in the game of craps (Gardner 1978, p. 256). The probability of rolling "a little Joe" is 1/12, or 8.333...%. A roll of "4 the hard ...

The degree of a graph vertex of a graph is the number of graph edges which touch the graph vertex, also called the local degree. The graph vertex degree of a point A in a ...

The two integrals involving Bessel functions of the first kind given by (alpha^2-beta^2)intxJ_n(alphax)J_n(betax)dx ...

The set of L^p-functions (where p>=1) generalizes L2-space. Instead of square integrable, the measurable function f must be p-integrable for f to be in L^p. On a measure ...

Let K be a field of field characteristic 0 (e.g., the rationals Q) and let {u_n} be a sequence of elements of K which satisfies a difference equation of the form ...

If two square n×n matrices A and B are simultaneously upper triangularizable by similarity transforms, then there is an ordering a_1, ..., a_n of the eigenvalues of A and ...