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A spanning tree of a graph on n vertices is a subset of n-1 edges that form a tree (Skiena 1990, p. 227). For example, the spanning trees of the cycle graph C_4, diamond ...

The number q in a fraction p/q.

The number 13.

A friend of a number n is another number m such that (m,n) is a friendly pair.

A nonnegative function g(x,y) describing the "distance" between neighboring points for a given set. A metric satisfies the triangle inequality g(x,y)+g(y,z)>=g(x,z) (1) and ...

A negative number multiplied by another negative number gives a positive number.

The operator I^~ which takes a real number to the same real number I^~r=r.

The number p in a fraction p/q, i.e., the dividend.

A term for number theory.

The number of empty neighbors of a cluster.