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A differential evolution method used to minimize functions of real variables. Evolution strategies are significantly faster at numerical optimization than traditional genetic ...

In continuum percolation theory, the so-called germ-grain model is an obvious generalization of both the Boolean and Boolean-Poisson models which is driven by an arbitrary ...

The representation of a number as a sum of powers of a base b, followed by expression of each of the exponents as a sum of powers of b, etc., until the process stops. For ...

The intensity measure mu of a point process X relative to a Borel set B subset R^d is defined to be the expected number of points of X falling in B. Symbolically, ...

Attach a string to a point on a curve. Extend the string so that it is tangent to the curve at the point of attachment. Then wind the string up, keeping it always taut. The ...

The Koch snowflake is a fractal curve, also known as the Koch island, which was first described by Helge von Koch in 1904. It is built by starting with an equilateral ...

In simple algebra, multiplication is the process of calculating the result when a number a is taken b times. The result of a multiplication is called the product of a and b, ...

Numerical differentiation is the process of finding the numerical value of a derivative of a given function at a given point. In general, numerical differentiation is more ...

Given a Poisson process, the probability of obtaining exactly n successes in N trials is given by the limit of a binomial distribution P_p(n|N)=(N!)/(n!(N-n)!)p^n(1-p)^(N-n). ...

A random-connection model (RCM) is a graph-theoretic model of continuum percolation theory characterized by the existence of a stationary point process X and a non-increasing ...