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The term energy has an important physical meaning in physics and is an extremely useful concept. There are several forms energy defined in mathematics. In measure theory, let ...

The energy of a graph is defined as the sum of the absolute values of its graph eigenvalues (i.e., the sum of its graph spectrum terms). Other varieties of graph energy are ...

The ABC (atom-bond connectivity) energy of a graph is defined as the graph energy of its ABC matrix, i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its ABC matrix.

The Sombor energy of a graph is defined as the graph energy of its Sombor matrix, i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its Sombor matrix.

Let Omega be a space with measure mu>=0, and let Phi(P,Q) be a real function on the product space Omega×Omega. When (mu,nu) = intintPhi(P,Q)dmu(Q)dnu(P) (1) = ...

The Randić energy of a graph is defined as the graph energy of its Randić matrix, i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its Randić matrix.

Let h be a real-valued harmonic function on a bounded domain Omega, then the Dirichlet energy is defined as int_Omega|del h|^2dx, where del is the gradient.

The arithmetic-geometric energy of a graph is defined as the graph energy of its arithmetic-geometric matrix, i.e., the sum of the absolute values of the eigenvalues of its ...

The azimuthal angle is an angle measured from the x-axis in the xy-plane in spherical coordinates, denoted theta in this work.

The zenith angle is an angle measured from the z-axis in spherical coordinates, denoted phi in this work. It is also known as the polar angle and colatitude.