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Einstein summation is a notational convention for simplifying expressions including summations of vectors, matrices, and general tensors. There are essentially three rules of ...

According to Euler's rotation theorem, any rotation may be described using three angles. If the rotations are written in terms of rotation matrices D, C, and B, then a ...

The inverse cotangent is the multivalued function cot^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 465), also denoted arccotz (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p. 79; Harris and Stocker 1998, p. ...

A strong inequality in which a is not only less than b, but much less (by some convention) is denoted a<<b.

The word canonical is used to indicate a particular choice from of a number of possible conventions. This convention allows a mathematical object or class of objects to be ...

In French and German usage, one milliard equals 10^9=1000000000. American usage does not have a number called the milliard, instead using the term billion to denote 10^9. ...

Spherical coordinates, also called spherical polar coordinates (Walton 1967, Arfken 1985), are a system of curvilinear coordinates that are natural for describing positions ...

If, for n and d integers, the ratio n/d is itself an integer, then d is said to divide n. This relationship is written d|n, read "d divides n." In this case, n is also said ...

2^(60)=1024^6 bytes. Although the term exabyte is sometimes used to refer to 1024^6 bytes, such usage is deprecated in favor of the standard SI naming convention of 1 exabyte ...

2^(30)=1024^3=1073741824 bytes. Although the term gigabyte is sometimes used to refer to 1024^3 bytes, such usage is deprecated in favor of the standard SI naming convention ...