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Set


A set is a finite or infinite collection of objects in which order has no significance, and multiplicity is generally also ignored (unlike a list or multiset). Members of a set are often referred to as elements and the notation a in A is used to denote that a is an element of a set A. The study of sets and their properties is the object of set theory.

Older words for set include aggregate and set class. Russell also uses the unfortunate term manifold to refer to a set.

Historically, a single horizontal overbar was used to denote a set stripped of any structure besides order, and hence to represent the order type of the set. A double overbar indicated stripping the order from the set and hence represented the cardinal number of the set. This practice was begun by set theory founder Georg Cantor.

Symbols used to operate on sets include  intersection (which means "and" or intersection), and  union (which means "or" or union). The symbol emptyset is used to denote the set containing no elements, called the empty set.

There are a number of different notations related to the theory of sets. In the case of a finite set of elements, one often writes the collection inside curly braces, e.g.,

 A={1,2,3}
(1)

for the set of natural numbers less than or equal to three. Similar notation can be used for infinite sets provided that ellipses are used to signify infiniteness, e.g.,

 B={3,4,5,...}
(2)

for the collection of natural numbers greater than or equal to three, or

 C={...,-4,-2,0,2,4,...}
(3)

for the set of all even numbers.

In addition to the above notation, one can use so-called set builder notation to express sets and elements thereof. The general format for set builder notation is

 {x:p(x)},
(4)

where x denotes an element and p(x) denotes a property p satisfied by x. () can also be expanded so as to indicate construction of a set which is a subset of some ambient set X, e.g.,

 {x in X:p(x)}.
(5)

It is worth noting is that the ":" in () and () is sometimes replaced by a vertical line, e.g.,

 {x in X|p(x)}.
(6)

Also worth noting is that the sets in (), (), and () can all be rewritten in set builder notation as subsets of the set Z of integers, namely

A={n in N:n<=3}
(7)
B={n in N:n>=3}
(8)
C={n in Z:n is even},
(9)

respectively.

Other common notations related to set theory include A^B, which is used to denote the set of maps from B to A where A and B are arbitrary sets. For example, an element of X^N would be a map from the natural numbers N to the set X. Call such a function f, then f(1), f(2), etc., are elements of X, so call them x_1, x_2, etc. This now looks like a sequence of elements of X, so sequences are really just functions from N to X. This notation is standard in mathematics and is frequently used in symbolic dynamics to denote sequence spaces.

Let E, F, and G be sets. Then operation on these sets using the  intersection and  union operators is commutative

 E intersection F=F intersection E
(10)
 E union F=F union E,
(11)

associative

 (E intersection F) intersection G=E intersection (F intersection G)
(12)
 (E union F) union G=E union (F union G),
(13)

and distributive

 (E intersection F) union G=(E union G) intersection (F union G)
(14)
 (E union F) intersection G=(E intersection G) union (F intersection G).
(15)

More generally, we have the infinite distributive laws

 A intersection ( union _(lambda in Lambda)B_lambda)= union _(lambda in Lambda)(A intersection B_lambda)
(16)
 A union ( intersection _(lambda in Lambda)B_lambda)= intersection _(lambda in Lambda)(A union B_lambda)
(17)

where lambda runs through any index set Lambda. The proofs follow trivially from the definitions of union and intersection.


See also

Aggregate, Analytic Set, Borel Set, C, Cayley Number, Coanalytic Set, Collection, Definable Set, Derived Set, Double-Free Set, Doublestruck, Element, Ground Set, I, Inclusion-Exclusion Principle, Intension, Intersection, Kinney's Set, List, Manifold, Multiset, N, Partially Ordered Set, Perfect Set, Proper Class, Q, R, Real Matrix, Set Class, Set Difference, Set Extension, Set Theory, Triple-Free Set, Union, Venn Diagram, Well Ordered Set, Z, Z--, Z-+ Explore this topic in the MathWorld classroom

Portions of this entry contributed by Christopher Stover

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References

Courant, R. and Robbins, H. "The Algebra of Sets." Supplement to Ch. 2 in What Is Mathematics?: An Elementary Approach to Ideas and Methods, 2nd ed. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, pp. 108-116, 1996.

Referenced on Wolfram|Alpha

Set

Cite this as:

Stover, Christopher and Weisstein, Eric W. "Set." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Set.html

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