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Halved Cube Graph


A halved n-cube graph is either of the two isomorphic connected components of the graph distance graph Y_n=(Q_n)_2 at distance 2 of the n-hypercube graph Q_n. The vertex set of Y_n is V(Q_n), with two vertices adjacent iff their graph distance in Q_n is exactly 2.

Each component has 2^(n-1) vertices. A halved n-cube graph is also called a half cube graph, the halved n-cube, or sometimes the n-demi-cube graph (Steinerberger 2023). The most common notation for each component is 1/2Q_n (Godsil 2004), and it is also written Q_n/2. The slash in Q_n/2 denotes restriction to one parity class, thereby halving the vertex set, not replacing the dimension n by n/2 to form the hypercube graph Q_(n/2). In the distance-2 notation of Luo et al. (2026),

 H(n,2)=1/2Q_n⊔1/2Q_n.

One copy contains the even-weight vectors and the other contains the odd-weight vectors. Steinerberger (2023) uses the notation Q_((2))^n.

The halved n-cube graph can also be defined on the even-weight vectors in {0,1}^n, where two such vectors are adjacent iff their sum has weight two (Godsil 2004), or as the 2nd graph power (i.e., the graph square) of Q_(n-1), where Q_n denotes the n-hypercube graph.

For even n>=4, identifying complementary vertices in a halved n-cube graph gives the halved folded cube graph. The same graph results by first forming the folded cube graph and then taking either of its halved graphs (Chan 2020, p. 772).

HalvedCubeGraph

Embeddings for small-order halved graphs are illustrated above and special cases are summarized in the table below.

The 5-halved cube graph is the graph complement of the Clebsch graph. It has Lovász number 8/3 (Fung 2011, p. 34). Note that Brouwer et al. (1989, pp. 104 and 224) confusingly use the term "Clebsch graph" to refer to the halved 5-cube graph instead of the folded 5-cube graph meant by other authors.

The 6-halved cube graph is a distance-regular graph with intersection array {15,6,1;1,6,15}, and therefore also a Taylor graph.

The chromatic numbers of the n-halved cube graphs for n=4, 5, ... are 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 13 or 14, [13, 15], >=15, >=15, ... (Godsil 2004, p. 67; typos corrected). Brouwer gives 1/2Q_5 chromatic number 8 and independence number 2; the values 4 and 5 belong to its graph complement, the folded 5-cube graph.

Luo et al. (2026) proved that the quantum chromatic number of the n-halved cube graph is

 chi_q(1/2Q_n)=n+1

when n is a prime power satisfying n=3 (mod 4), when n=2^(t+2)-1 for a positive integer t, or when n=q^2+2q and q and q+2 are odd prime powers. In particular, chi_q(1/2Q_(11))=12 while chi(1/2Q_(11))>=15, giving a strict quantum-classical separation.

The independence numbers of the n-halved cube graphs for n=1, 2, ... are 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 40, 72, 144, ..., where values for n=9 to 12 are from Godsil (2004, p. 67). This sequence appears identical to the error-correcting coding function A(n,4) (OEIS A005864; E. W. Weisstein, Dec. 31, 2015).

The domination numbers of n-halved cube graphs for n=1, 2, ... are 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 7, 12, ..., which agrees with OEIS A029866 for known terms (E. Weisstein, Aug. 31, 2016).


See also

16-Cell, Clebsch Graph, Error-Correcting Code, Folded Cube Graph, Graph Distance Graph, Halved Folded Cube Graph, Halved Graphs, Hypercube Graph, Quantum Chromatic Number

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References

Brouwer, A. E. "Clebsch Graph." https://aeb.win.tue.nl/drg/graphs/Clebsch.html.Brouwer, A. E.; Cohen, A. M.; and Neumaier, A. Distance Regular Graphs. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.Chan, A. "Complex Hadamard Matrices, Instantaneous Uniform Mixing and Cubes." Algebr. Combin. 3, 757-774, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5802/alco.112.DistanceRegular.org. "Halved Cubes." https://www.math.mun.ca/distanceregular/indexes/halvedcubes.html.Fung, M. "The Lovász Number of the Keller Graphs." Master's thesis. Leiden, Netherlands: Mathematisch Instituut, Universiteit Leiden, 2011.Godsil, C. "Halved Cubes" and "Chromatic Number of Halved Cubes." §6.3 and 6.4 in Interesting Graphs and Their Colourings. Unpublished manuscript, pp. 66-67, 2004.House of Graphs. Halved Cube Graphs. Singleton Graph, K2, Tetrahedron K4, Sixteen Cell Graph K2,2,2,2, Halved Hypercube 5, Halved Hypercube 6, Halved Hypercube 7, and Halved Hypercube 8.Luo, T.; Ning, Y.; and Zhang, X. "Quantum Chromatic Number of Subgraphs of Orthogonality Graphs and the Distance-2 Hamming Graph." Elec. J. Combin. 33, P3.45, 2026. https://doi.org/10.37236/14936.Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A005864/M1111 and A029866 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."Steinerberger, S. "Curvature on Graphs via Equilibrium Measures." J. Graph Th., 1-22, 2023.

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Halved Cube Graph

Cite this as:

Weisstein, Eric W. "Halved Cube Graph." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Resource. https://mathworld.wolfram.com/HalvedCubeGraph.html

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