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The Zernike polynomials are a set of orthogonal polynomials that arise in the expansion of a wavefront function for optical systems with circular pupils. The odd and even ...

While the above figure appears to be a sequence of nested squares, it actually consists of a single square spiral.

The mathematical study of a nonlinear equation f(phi)=y, where f maps from a Hilbert space X to a Hilbert space Y and y in Y which abstracts the construction of optical ...

The illusion shown above which was discovered by Helmholtz in the 19th century. Despite the fact that the two above figures are identical in size, the white hole looks bigger ...

An optical illusion, illustrated above, in which the eye perceives a white upright equilateral triangle where none is actually drawn.

In above figure, which constitutes a modified version of the painting Tirets by Francois Morellet, small circles seem to appear and disappear as the eye is moved over them.

The Freemish crate, also called Escher's cube (Elber) or Hyzer's illusion (Pappas 1989, p. 13), is an impossible figure box that can be drawn but not built. It appears in ...

The impossible fork (Seckel 2002, p. 151), also known as the devil's pitchfork (Singmaster), blivet, or poiuyt, is a classic impossible figure originally due to Schuster ...

The Ouchi illusion, illustrated above, is an illusion named after its inventor, Japanese artist Hajime Ouchi. In this illusion, the central disk seems to float above the ...

An impossible figure in which a stairway in the shape of a square appears to circulate indefinitely while still possessing normal steps (Penrose and Penrose 1958). The Dutch ...