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The sequence of variates X_i with corresponding means mu_i obeys the strong law of large numbers if, to every pair epsilon,delta>0, there corresponds an N such that there is ...

The weak law of large numbers (cf. the strong law of large numbers) is a result in probability theory also known as Bernoulli's theorem. Let X_1, ..., X_n be a sequence of ...

The set R union {+infty,-infty} obtained by adjoining two improper elements to the set R of real numbers is normally called the set of (affinely) extended real numbers. ...

The set R union {infty}, obtained by adjoining one improper element to the set R of real numbers, is the set of projectively extended real numbers. Although notation is not ...

With a large enough sample, any outrageous thing is likely to happen (Diaconis and Mosteller 1989). Littlewood (1986) considered an event which occurs one in a million times ...

A friend of a number n is another number m such that (m,n) is a friendly pair.

The set of natural numbers (the positive integers Z-+ 1, 2, 3, ...; OEIS A000027), denoted N, also called the whole numbers. Like whole numbers, there is no general agreement ...

One of the numbers 1, 2, 3, ... (OEIS A000027), also called the counting numbers or natural numbers. 0 is sometimes included in the list of "whole" numbers (Bourbaki 1968, ...

A Gaussian integer is a complex number a+bi where a and b are integers. The Gaussian integers are members of the imaginary quadratic field Q(sqrt(-1)) and form a ring often ...

Number Theory