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In a game proposed by J. H. Conway, a devil chases an angel on an infinite chessboard. At each move, the devil can eliminate one of the squares, and the angel can make a leap ...

Pong Hau K'i is an ancient Chinese tic-tac-toe-like game involving two players with two differently colored stones (say, red and blue). The players move their respective ...

A device consisting of two coupled pendula, usually oscillating at right angles to each other, which are attached to a pen. The resulting motion can produce beautiful, ...

A cipher is an algorithm that converts data (plaintext) to an obfuscated form that is not directly readable. Ciphers are usually used with the intention of hiding the ...

A busy beaver is an n-state, 2-color Turing machine which writes a maximum number Sigma(n) of 1s before halting (Rado 1962; Lin and Rado 1965; Shallit 1998). Alternatively, ...

The objective of global optimization is to find the globally best solution of (possibly nonlinear) models, in the (possible or known) presence of multiple local optima. ...