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The proof theories of propositional calculus and first-order logic are often referred to as classical logic. Intuitionistic propositional logic can be described as classical ...

Logic is the formal mathematical study of the methods, structure, and validity of mathematical deduction and proof. According to Wolfram (2002, p. 860), logic is the most ...

An extension of two-valued logic such that statements need not be true or false, but may have a degree of truth between 0 and 1. Such a system can be extremely useful in ...

The study of the meaning and relationships of statements used to represent precise mathematical ideas. Symbolic logic is also called formal logic.

The terms of equational logic are built up from variables and constants using function symbols (or operations). Identities (equalities) of the form s=t, (1) where s and t are ...

A fundamental system of logic based on the concept of a generalized function whose argument is also a function (Schönfinkel 1924). This mathematical discipline was ...

The Game of Logic, described by Lewis Carroll--author of Alice in Wonderland--in 1887 (Carroll 1972) consists of discussing the meaning of propositions like "Some fresh cakes ...

A connective in logic which yields true if all conditions are true, and false if any condition is false. A AND B is denoted A ^ B (Mendelson 1997, p. 12), A&B, A intersection ...

The set of terms of first-order logic (also known as first-order predicate calculus) is defined by the following rules: 1. A variable is a term. 2. If f is an n-place ...

Metamathematics is another word for proof theory. The branch of logic dealing with the study of the combination and application of mathematical symbols is also sometimes ...