Let  denote the  square
lattice with wraparound. Call an orientation of  an assignment of
a direction to each edge of  , and denote the
number of orientations of  such that each
vertex has two inwardly directed and two outwardly directly edges by  . Such an orientation
is said to obey the ice rule, or to consist of Eulerian orientation. For  , 2, ..., the
first few values of  are 4, 18, 148,
2970, ... (Sloane's A054759).
Lieb showed that
(Sloane's A118273; Finch 2003, p. 412), which is known as Lieb's square ice constant, also known
as the square ice constant, residual entropy for square ice, and six-vertex entropy
model.
Baxter, R. J. Exactly Solved Models in Statistical Mechanics. New York:
Academic Press, 1982.
Bell, G. M. and Lavis, D. A. Statistical Methods of Lattice Systems,
Vol. 1. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999.
Bell, G. M. and Lavis, D. A. Statistical Methods of Lattice Systems, Vol. 2. New
York: Springer-Verlag, 1999.
Finch, S. R. "Lieb's Square Ice Constant." §5.24 in Mathematical Constants. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 412-413, 2003.
Godsil, C.; Grötschel, M.; and Welch, D. J. A. "Combinatorics in Statistical Physics." In Handbook of Combinatorics, Vol. 2 (Ed. R. L. Graham,
M. Grötschel, and L. Lovász). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 1925-1954,
1995.
Lieb, E. H. "The Residual Entropy of Square Ice." Phys. Rev. 162,
162-172, 1967.
Lieb, E. H. "Exact Solution of the Problem of the Entropy of Two-Dimensional
Ice." Phys. Rev. Lett. 18, 692-694, 1967.
Lieb, E. H. and Wu, F. Y. "Two-Dimensional Ferroelectric Models." In Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena, Vol. 1 (Ed. C. Domb
and M. S. Greene). New York: Academic Press, pp. 331-490, 1972.
Percus, J. K. Combinatorial Methods. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971.
Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A054759 and A118273 in "The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences."
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